Everything that begins to exist has a cause. The universe began to exist. Therefore, the universe has a cause — one that is timeless, spaceless, and enormously powerful.

Key verse: Genesis 1:1 — "In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth."

The constants of physics are calibrated to extraordinary precision for life to exist. The probability of this occurring by chance is effectively zero — design is the most reasonable inference.

Key verse: Psalm 19:1 — "The heavens declare the glory of God."

If objective moral truths exist, a moral law-giver must exist. Most people accept moral realism in practice even if they deny it in theory — the Nazi example shows we do not merely say they had different values, we say they were wrong.

Key verse: Romans 2:15 — "the law written on their hearts."

A maximally great being is conceivable. If possible, such a being exists in some possible world. A being that exists necessarily is greater than one that exists contingently. Therefore God exists in all possible worlds including the actual one.

Key verse: Exodus 3:14 — "I AM WHO I AM."

Using only facts accepted by the vast majority of critical historians, the resurrection is the best explanation: Jesus died, the tomb was found empty, disciples reported post-resurrection appearances, and the movement exploded in Jerusalem weeks later.

Key verse: 1 Corinthians 15:3–8 — eyewitness creed dated within years of the event.

Over 300 Messianic prophecies were fulfilled by Jesus — birthplace (Micah 5:2), manner of death (Psalm 22), betrayal price (Zechariah 11:12–13). The Dead Sea Scrolls confirm these texts predate Jesus by centuries.

Key verse: Isaiah 53:5 — "He was pierced for our transgressions."

Archaeology has repeatedly confirmed biblical details — the Pool of Siloam, Pontius Pilate inscription, King David inscription, city of Jericho. Luke alone has over 84 confirmed historical details in Acts (Colin Hemer).

Key resource: "The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?" — F.F. Bruce

Logic, mathematics, and the uniformity of nature are preconditions of intelligibility that only make sense if a rational God upholds the universe. The unbeliever must borrow from the Christian worldview to argue against it.

Key verse: Colossians 2:3 — "in whom are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge."

Paul argues all people already know God through creation and conscience but actively suppress that knowledge. Unbelief is not an intellectual position — it is a moral stance. The apologist's task is to expose what is being suppressed.

Key verse: Romans 1:18–20 — "they suppress the truth in unrighteousness."